Lab report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Lab report - Essay Example Centripetal force is the description of the net force acting on an object moving in a circle. Any object moving in a circular motion will have a force acting on it to prevent it from deviating from the path of motion. The force also causes the object to deviate from its straight line motion. The direction of centripetal force is perpendicular to the velocity vector as the object is changing its direction and undergoing an inward acceleration (James Shipman). An object moving in a circular motion is accelerating. The acceleration is as a result of changing velocity either the changing magnitude of the velocity vector or the direction. Even if the body is moving at a steady speed, it is accelerating due to changing direction. The direction of acceleration is inwards towards the centre of the circle. In the diagram above, the particle is moving with constant speed but its acceleration is changing due to the changing velocity factor. Due to this change, acceleration is noted and directed towards the centre. The direction of instantaneous velocity is obtained by taking the two radial vectors defining a circle in constant motion. As the two radial vectors get closer together, becomes tangent to the circle. Since the direction of the velocity is equivalent to the direction of, then the velocity vector is in the direction tangent to the circle pointing perpendicular to the position vector (James Shipman). Resolving tesnion in 1 and 2 into vertical and horizontal elements, we find that horizontal components T1cosá µ ¨ and T2 cos á µ ¨ are in the same direction. These components add up to give centripetal force (James Shipman). The centripetal force for measurement 2 and 3 are the same because, in both cases, the masses on the hanger are almost the same. In measurement 2, the mass is 0.82 kg and in measurement 3, the mass on the hanger is o.84kg. These two masses produce relatively the same

History of dance Essay Example for Free

History of dance Essay How could you leave your country? The place you grew up in, how could you leave your loved ones in a place so bad you had to flee it yourself? The production of ‘Look the other way’ choreographed by Cadi McCarthy is clearly emotionally attached to the performers. Look the other way describes how people had to leave their home and become refugees, their fear and hatred needing the encouragement to move forward. The mixture of contemporary and hip hop really drives you into the performance and makes dancers, public and even you feel like a part of the attraction. The choreographer clearly displays the variety of talent and emotive skills that all of the dancers consist of. The different interrogations of each dancer themselves are astonishing, having a wide range from the strength and intensity movements by Peter Fares to the smooth, soft and meaningful movements danced by Yillin Kong. The artistic use of props and lighting gives the texture of the movements on the performers and their facial expressions gave an overwhelming feeling inside; it’s a wakeup call to seeing how lucky we are as a country. This was a very effective way to get the audience’s attention. Having to look the other way when all you feel is hopelessness is a very difficult thing to do. The characters make you feel as if they are portraying their country, getting away from the outrageousness and the terror. Sharing their side of the horrific stories. All distributing the same emotions betrayal and being forced to look the other way. The choreographer immersed herself into the stories of the young people who had overcome the sacrifice of fleeing their country to have freedom in Australia. Cadi McCarthy clearly and successfully got her intent to the target audience (young students) expressing the dreadful descriptions by educating us through contemporary and hip hop dance. There are seven characters (not including the two boys who are still learning English) in the performance, each with different difficulties and reports to share with the world. They all show tolerance and ignorance to not give up and not give in. The movements and space used in this choreography by Cadi McCarthy entitles the effects and emotions she wants the audience to feel. Each performer had their own special techniques which was used to their advantage. Movements such as slowly walking, shaking, and closed shapes, sharp turns, counter balancing and falling, these are indications of being pushed around. The fast, muscular movements were intimidating and in each other’s personal space. The most significant peace was the Riot (Fight scene) which was done in a group, but danced in duets. Showing the mob mentality, strength and power, giving the truthful facts that no matter how many times you’re pushed down, you shall thrive to get back up again, keep moving forward. The costumes seemed rushed and not restricted which gave them freedom to move the clothing looking very unfavourable. Using very natural colours such as black, skin colour, white, and a flowered dress worn by Yillin showing the audience that they were in a rush, all they had was the clothing on their backs. The lighting effects by Andrew Portwine was dim and organic to set the mood, the angles of the light reflected off the dancers faces to give texture, dark gloomy looks. The overall costumes and lighting was more than successful and gave the illusion to hardship for the audience. Tristen Parr and Matt Cornell did exceptional work on the soundtrack. The music had been made from scratch so it was an original peace. In the performance the music was recorded and instrumental throughout. You could feel the classical vibrations as if atmospherical, representing the extreme adversity and struggles (Production2; Sacrifice, where videos are used to tell us about true stories). There were sections of the performance where the sound was live, like the word monologues where each dancer talks about accountings explaining what it was like to be a refugee (Peter Fares holding Yillin Kong on his shoulder while telling the story of his parents from Israel, Lebanon, and Syria to Australia). The most memorable and major feature of the props used was the ‘Opening boards’ (Designed by Laura Boynes and Tristan Parr) where the characters drag themselves across the stage and stand up onto a rocking board, representing the uncertainty to travel, external and internal fear of leaving their loved ones, the experience’s to come. Using the boards as a boat and steps revealing their long journey to find freedom, using the rocking motion traveling the entire emotional ride with the characters. The boards drew the audience’s attention straight away to the restlessness and fear. The backdrop of four walls that were recycled substances designed by Monique Wajon (makeshift of materials found in refugee camps). These props communicated to the audience giving meaning and belief to the dance. The Buzz Dance Theatre has accomplished in reproducing all viewpoints of refugees, immigrants and asylum seekers. Every possible aspect of contemporary and hip hop dance was put into this performance to accomplish the priorities and achievements of triumphing to the top. Each dancer attributes to the story in individual ways choreographed by Cadi McCarthy. I personally found that every phase used for this special performance including characters, music, costumes, choreography, set and props all worked exceptionally well together to produce a stimulating and significant enactment. Although a little dark I was defiantly motivated at the end of the performance.

Effects of Performance Appraisal System on Employees

Effects of Performance Appraisal System on Employees Chapter 1 Introduction: This chapter will discuss the critical importance and understanding of performance appraisal systems in the banking industry of Pakistan. Moreover, this chapter will highlight the need of the study, aims and objectives of the study and also introduction to the key terms that has significant importance throughout the research paper. 1.1. Understanding Performance Appraisal: In the past few decades, organizations were very concerned about the development and orientation of their employees and also pondering on performance management (Murphy Cleveland, 1991). Now, Organizations are following the new patterns of working and doing jobs to adhere the aims and mission of it. To fulfil this new modernized concept of fast and technological revolution, they are realizing the importance and implementation of new methods of performance management (Cardy Dobbins, 1994). Organizations have indentified the importance of performance appraisal and it has been found in the cases of all big multinational companies that they have implemented the performance appraisal systems to enhance the productivity of their employees. There are varieties of different perspectives that evident the importance of performance management and its measurement (Whitney, 1994). Organization should present true and fair views of performance appraisal to gain trust of the employees, their loyalty and job satisfaction are the main core of any organizational success (Robinson Rousseau, 1994). Through rational performance measurement, Organizations management can get the maximum reliance of employees. This research papers aims to explore the performance appraisal system within the banking sector of Pakistan and its comparative study with JS (Jahangir Siddqui) bank. This research study will also explore the effects of performance appraisal on the employees considering motivation, job satisfaction and employee loyalty as key factors in HR functions. 1.2. The Research Topic: To explore the role of performance appraisal system in HR function within the banking sector of Pakistan. 1.2.1. Aim: This research aims to investigate the role of performance appraisal system and its effect on employees considering motivation, job satisfaction and employee loyalty as the key factors in HR function within the banking sector of Pakistan and comparative study with JS Bank. 1.2.2. Objectives: What is performance appraisal? What are different performance appraisal systems? How appraisal system interlinked with motivation and employee loyalty within banking sector of Pakistan? What are different problems with performance appraisal system? What are different strategies in HR department to enhance productivity? 1.3. Rational of Study: The system that identifies the Performance evaluation and review is called Performance Appraisal system. Performance appraisal system highlights the individual and group performance over the period of time and reviews for the promotion and raise in monetary funds. To get the real meaning of performance appraisal system can be elaborated to the concept of performance management. Performance Management can be defined as: â€Å"An approach to create shared vision of the purpose and aims of the organization, helping each individual employee understand and recognise their in contribution to them, and in so doing manage and enhance the performance of both individuals and the organization.† (Fletcher, 1992) Performance management is a process where it describes the performance of individuals that shapes a group and become the collective success of the organization with the set of objectives, time period, reviewing the performance and recognition of the performance with rewards (Connock, 1991). The main objective of performance management is to show the real picture of the employees performance over a period of time and this can be achieved through framed standards (Beaumont, 1993). In the Performance management, the appraisal system is the most significant part where it defines a structural and formal system that helps the manager and subordinate to interact with each other to evaluate performance. This interaction usually comes into process annually of semi-annually in shape of some structured interview or questionnaire. In this process, supervisor examines the performance of subordinate where supervisor identifies strengths and weaknesses and also highlights the area of improvements (Connock, 1991). In different sectors of economy including banking sector, results of appraisal of employees are used for the future employee planning, their rewards management and promotion. These rewards are directly or indirectly linked with the recognition of employees milestones in the personal and professional skills. Thus this identifies the rise in pay, cash bonuses, promotions and job satisfaction majorly (Beaumont, 1993). 1.4. Importance of Performance Appraisal: The managers are aware of the importance and criticality of performance appraisal, and its ultimate affect on the motivation, loyalty, job satisfaction plus its has a big affect on the growth and success of the organization, so while documenting, communicating, and describing the job particulars, they are more concerned. It has been noticed that in the current time, job performance systems have improved a lot, but still the outcome shows that it has a negative impact on the job satisfaction and motivation of the employees if it is not appraised systematically (Robert, 2002). So, it results in counter of an organization that employees are demoralized and also lose their loyalty, which affects the organizational aims and objectives. Human resource officials use performance appraisal for decision making such as planning payments and salary scale of the employees, they also determine what professional developments are needed to equip their employees with a proper feedback. Performance ap praisal can also help the officers to decide what are the factors that can be employed to increase the productivity of employees (Natalie Ann 2005). As performance appraisal encourages the good performers, on the same hand performance appraisal also highlights the poor performers and tells about their weak areas and it helps the management to remove the leaning hurdles and makes them to achieve the set objectives and aims. This system also identifies the employee who needs guidance and counselling from management to improve their performance at work. Organization believes that performance appraisal is the best tool to see the level of employees and their performances and making the decision about their rise in salary, promotions, demotions and penalties (March, 1982). 1.4.1. Factors of Performance Appraisal: There are many factors influencing performance appraisals systems at work. Internal and external factors always play an important role in appraising the employees. Internal factors could be labour unions, managements attitude, the employees behaviour and their stance in the direction of work. External factors are legislations in relation to the employees. Labour union always get into the matters of employees well being at work and also in their personal lives so that they can give their full at work. But some time it has a negative impact on performance appraisal and the management to give promotion or rise in the salary on the bases of seniority (Isaac, 2001). Internal factors can also affect the performance appraisal in shape of bad corporate culture that can be a big hurdle in the performance management. The main objective is to set specific goals and make framework of getting those objectives. For all this, management should inform the employees that what is expected from their j obs and what should they do to make hundred percent out of it. At the end management sees and evaluates on the whole performance and also communicates these efforts to employees. This communication also develops relationship between employees and supervisors (Isaac, 2001). There are different techniques and methods used for the performance appraisal and it gives an outline to measure the performances that are in use of different organizational and it also varies from industry to industry. There is no hard and fast rule to use specific performance appraisal system, but it is always suggested to use the same performance criteria within one organizational and it applies to all of the employees. These models and techniques include, Six Sigma, Balance Scorecard, 360 degree feedback, etc. These models and techniques to measure the performance is widely in use of many MNCs and local organizations, in the banking industry of Pakistan and in JS bank. While designing performance appraisal, management should keep in view the nature and type of the business to conduct these performance management techniques. In the performance management, 360 Degree is common and Six sigma is the operational management technique; both leads to performance appraisal measurement whe re the HR function is able to appraise and it involves the motivational factors, employee loyalty, and job satisfaction aspects. Extensive and appropriate use of these techniques will make the appraisal much unbiased (Natalie Ann 2005). Employees motivation and job satisfaction can never push aside, as these are elementary aspects of any Job. In the process of appraisal system, an employee always expect some feedback from other employees which gives him motivation and the satisfaction from the job done, so these are the complementary part of any job. When any employee is appraised, then he always get the communication and feedback of that appraisal and it actually indicates the level of satisfaction of job the employee has plus the loyalty he has for the organization (Robert, 2002). In the banking industry, as the recession hits and many of the employees being fired, so at the time of performance appraisal, employees are so dissatisfied as they dont know when they are going to be p art of sacked list of employees, keeping in this view, the performance appraisal system plays role in the Hr department to indicate the key factors such as motivation, job satisfaction and loyalty (Caruth and John 2008). Chapter 2 Literature Review This chapter will look into the supporting literature of performance appraisal systems and its importance. As in the recent Times research, in the area of performance and its technical justice and fairness should be categorised as all the decisions and producers for employees in their working capacity and the management should highlight the importance of performance appraisal and its different tools. Furthermore, this part of research study will stick the significance of banking industry and usage of different performance appraisal systems and what are the linkage of motivation, job satisfaction and employee loyalty and strategic importance of performance appraisal systems. 2.1. Performance Appraisal: The process in which human resource management department obtains, analysis and makes decisions on the performance of an employee over a period of time is called Performance Appraisal Process and the methods which are used to appraise the employees are called Performance Appraisal Systems (Yee 2009). The main objective of performance appraisal system is to focus on the performance, key attributes of the job, what is the improvement in the performance and the proportion of the performance that the employee will make in future in the productivity of the organization. It aims towards the employee and its his performance over the period of time (Dobbins, 1994). In the field of human resource management a prominent name of Flippo (1999) says that Performance appraisal is the systematic, periodic and an impartial rating of an employees excellence in the matters pertaining to his present job and his potential for a better job. (Flippo, 1999) This systematic process allows the management to look into employees activities in last fiscal year or the performance time periods and analyse where it is falling, what improvement has he made and what is the future planning regarding job and activities. Management should educate the employees about their individual goals and share the aims and objectives with the organization. Employees should have the knowledge and freedom to participate in the decision making process. Here, if the management has the full corporation of the employees and on the same hand if employees coordinate with management then this performance and participation can actually helps in the appraisal for the next period. In all this, the right of expressing of opinion will certainly adds to their performance (Beach, 1995). Performance appraisal systems are the powerful tool to measure the performance of an employee and to issue or offer the rewards on that quality performed job. This process allows the management to evaluate the achievements and contribution to the success and productivity of the organization to get the overall organizational aims and objectives (Dobbins, 1994). Moreover these systems are standardising for all the employees. Performance appraisal is a system in which HR managers measures the performance of the employee, either he is performing his job rightly, is he achieving what organization wants from his job, what is his behaviour and attitude towards his job, either he is showing positivity towards his job, is he the right employee for the right job, as all this comes under the HR function of an organization (Randhawa 2007). The main objective of performance appraisal is to make sure that employee‘s performance is up to the mark, to communicate this job performance measurement makes the employee enable to enhance his productivity and cover his loopholes where he is lagging behind. The main idea behind performance appraisal is to insure that organizational goals are being met, because meeting organizational objective is an individual as well collective effort. Strategic objectives on banking sector and any financial institution are to multiply their profits by gaining the top performance from i ts employees. By monitoring employees performance, they actually see what the criticality of the importance is and the effect that job is making on the organizational objectives. An effective performance appraisal must have collaboration between the management and the subordinates. An employee should work according to the job description, which is decided by the immediate manager. By doing this, there will be no conflict between the management and the employees (Propper, Wilson, 2003). The objective of performance appraisal is to influence the employees job performance with a systematic process appraisal, what are the major impacts on the employees to get the certain level of motivation to improve the productivity of the organization as well as the job satisfaction (Natalie Ann 2005). In the past, the sole purpose of performance appraisal was just to calculate the financial position of the company, either it has made some progress in terms of monetary growth, what influence it has made on the department growth and what are the affects of performance on organizational objectives. But now, things have changed. Now researchers are seeing beyond the monetary terms, they are not discussing the financial aspect but they are measuring the job performance in terms of employees job satisfaction and his level of motivation, because ultimately the manpower of an organization is its labour force. If this labour force is getting what they want, then they will perform according to the job description they have with them within their departments. In the banking sector as credit crunch has been taken place all the investment and financing in Pakistan has stopped, it has very negative impact on the employees working in the banking industry, and the HR department of the banks are actually working on the moral and motivation of the employees. 2.2. History of Performance Appraisal: Performance appraisal has a brief history starting from earth 20th century where the need of performance appraisal was felt and some measures developed. This history shows that Taylor (1964) who is the revolutionary person in times and motion studies brought the real sense of performance appraisal and performance measurement. But in the modern human resource management it can be seen that the thread of performance measurement is linked with the Second World War. This tells the history that it is not more than sixty years ago. Yet the guru of human recourses says that the art and procedures of performance measurement and appraisal is very ancient art and people of old times had some tools to appraise their employees on the basis of activities and job they performed. On these historical felt notes it can be said that performance appraisal management is the worlds second oldest profession too. Here Dulewicz (1989) says that â€Å"It is a basic human tendency to make judgements about th ose one is working with, as well as about oneself. If the management has a concept that performance and its appraisal is inevitable then it will be wrong that performance of an employee cannot be judge in advance. In the absence of a structured appraisal system then it will ultimately affects the performance of employees, the productivity of the organization and moreover the reputation of the organization in the industry. It will de-motivate the employees, they will lose satisfaction from their jobs and loyalty with the organization will be most likely finished and labour turn over will increase. One serious offence can be seen in the absence of appraisal system that organization can go unlawful, harassing the employee and unfair judgement on their performance. Consequently, it helps the management and employees to go lawful, fair and accurate with the performance over the period of time (Murphy, 1989). 2.3. Benefits of Performance Appraisal: Where performance appraisal allows the employees to get the monetary and non monetary rewards from the management, here it also give the most significant benefit for employees that it gives the chance to get reasonable time for one to one discussion on the performance over the period of time. This discussion between employee and supervisor allows discussing the main issues that are hurdle in the performance and work concerns addressed. It can observe from all over the world organizations, the feedback of performance appraisal says that it creates a strong bond between subordinate and supervisor only if the appraisal is conducted properly and fairly. This process also gives the opportunity to employees to review their performances and discuss the issues and difficulties they are facing in the work and also it gives the path to gain the aims and objectives in the future time. This interaction of subordinates and supervisors give the opportunity to help the future goals. Therefore it en hances the productivity. So, this process gives the best time to employees to have chat with the supervisors without any hindrance and instruction (Orpen, 1997). The importance of this process should not be underestimated as this is the integral part of performance appraisal system. Moreover this process allows the supervisors and employees to discuss the future targets and, training and rotation need orientation and development, if needed. In this discussion, the supervisors and the subordinates discuss the various problems about the present as well as the absent working skills, career development and what is to be done in the future (DYCK, 1997). Here, supervisor highlights the key skills of the subordinate and makes or arranges for the future career inspirations. This discussion can be useful to measure the productivity of the organization, for the recruitment and orientation process. For example, the feedback can indentify how employees are performing those who hired in the past two years and so. Appraisal data can also tell how well the recruiting strategies are working, what developmental process are good enough and what the effectiveness of employees is. Performance appraisal process could be a data sheet highlighting the overall performance of all employees; telling has productivity improved, remains same or fall. Evaluation is the ongoing process and its run throughout the year but some clash can be noted in the evaluations and developmental process but in a nutshell its a process of evaluating, analysing and giving feedback of that process (THOMPSON DALTON, 1970). 2.4. Basic purpose of Performance Appraisal: Performance appraisal systems have the two main elements in it; one is evolution of the performance and the feedback of the evaluated performance. The main objective of performance evaluation is to define the gaps in the actual job and job performed. This gap creates when the employee is not working on the standard level and doesnt meet the expectation of the organization (ANTHONY, 1986). The main objective of feedback is to inform the employee about his performance and the quality work he is producing but this feedback doesnt flow in a one direction and the supervisor of the appraiser also gets the feedback from the employee to resolve the job issues, if have. To get the real sense of performance appraisal system is to look at the whole process on different angles so that it can create a meaningful difference in the organization. These different angles could be: from employees point of view and organizations point of view (ANTHONY, 1986). From employees point of view it can be unfold as: What does the organization want me to do? What are my loopholes? And what I have done remarkably well? What help will be given by the organization for my own improvements? What is the reward of my good performance? In the organizations point of view, it is mandatory to have an accountability and justice within organization so that all the employees get a fair compensation out of their performance and also to establish the repute of the organization. The research shows that organization fails when non-alignment of responsibility and accountability occurs. These failures occur when the employees are given tasks but there is no check on the responsibilities and duties and how they are performing their jobs. Sometimes it happens when the employees are working in shape of group and teams so they pass on the work to each other but ultimately no one held accountable of any task so the rule of accountability fails (TOWNLEY, 1997). Performance appraisal system has always an integral part of HRM and this research will highlight the main issues within the systems and the rating of employees. Rating the performance appraisal and giving the feedback is not an easy task for the HR department, as the criteria of apprising is a complex job. There are certain strategies underlying to make the traditional methods accurate than it had been in the past and therefore the likelihood of correct and affective appraisal will be increased (TOWNLEY, 1997). These strategies can be considered as a practical training to the HR officials. New learning techniques and methods should be true n fair for all set of employees, transparent and should be computerized so there are no chances on intermingled results which will remove the chances of favouritism. The main tactics and objective of the performance appraisal is that it should be conducted for the motivation of the employees with no negative aspect associated with it, as it will de crease the morale of the employees. There should be some reward or bonus announced so that this will be stimulation for other employees and they will try to excel their performance too. Proper communication and feedback session should be introduced so that the employees come to know their loopholes (Natalie Ann 2005). 2.5. Objective of Performance Appraisal: Followings are the main objectives of performance appraisal. To review the performance of employees over the period of time. This review of performance, evaluator judges the actual performance with the targeted performance standards and benchmarks. It also helps the management to control the organization targets depending upon the performance of employees. It also creates healthy environment between employees and supervisors. It indentifies the strengths and weaknesses of employees and also suggests the various improvement plans by the management after performance appraisal process. This process also allows the employees to get the proper training and orientation of skills where they are lacking. To communicate the feedback with the employees. Give all information regarding the tasks and job responsibilities and also clarifies all the tasks which are required from the employees. One of the objectives of performance appraisal is to judge the HR function within the organization for smooth running of business. It also tries to removes the complaints of employees about the function of organization, if have any. 2.6. Performance Appraisal Employee Motivation and loyalty: In the growing age of business and markets, human resource is the big asset of the organization; if the organization is not keeping well with its labour work force then it might get into trouble. As the employees are the main features of the progress of the organization. In order to have productivity, employee should be motivated and should be satisfied with their job and have loyalty with the organization (EPstein,1992). HR professionals are making it possible to motivate the employees with the performance appraisal systems by giving them fair appraisals as per their performance over a period of time. It has been noticed that there is a strong relationship between performance appraisal and motivation, job satisfaction and loyalty (bonnie, 2002). Keeping aside the main objectives of performance appraisal, it can be use as a mechanism to create a completion between employees to get the job done with all the linked targets and benchmarks (Robert, 1984). It is also mandatory that employees gets the accurate performance appraisal results to get motivate, if the feedback of appraisal is according to their performance over the period of time that will be a great source of motivation to them. Inaccurate performance can create dissatisfaction from job and ultimately can affect the loyalty with organization. One employee always expects that evaluator recognise his efforts and achievement in the professional life and also support him to overcome on his failure and allows the opportunity to make improvements in his performance in future (bonnie, 2002). If the performance appraisal has some shortcoming in it and is actually creating some discrepancy in the process, then it will affect the motivational level of the employees and ultimately it will affect their efforts and the risk taking ideas for the betterment of the organization. Also they will lose interest in the affairs of the organization (Robert Kim, 2007). Plus this de-motivation leads the employees to the lack of loyalty and they will look other options of good job and hikes in the rewards (bonnie, 2002). Accurate performance appraisal is always preferable but if there is any inaccuracy then employees always prefers to have accurate performance appraisal with no hikes in rewards but not an inaccurate system that never encourages or recognises their efforts. Employees who tend to receive accurate performance appraisal over the period of time and also have all the rewards associated with that appraisal is most motivated employee among all of them and similarly he tends to be more satisfied with job and more loyal to the organization. Therefore, the process should be fair as this is the ultimate system to motivate, satisfied with job and creates the loyalty (Storey Sisson, 1993). 2.7. Different performance appraisal systems: There are different systems and methods for measuring performance and appraising the employees. These methods and systems are categorised as the traditional methods and the modern methods. 2.7.1. Traditional Methods: In the traditional methods there are various systems to measure the performance employees. In the traditional method of measurement Behaviourally Anchored Rating Scale is widely used by many organizations across the globe. In this system it focuses on specific behaviours, either affective or ineffective performance is given by the employee. It involves critical incident technique (CIT) and different combinations of rating scale. However, in Graphic Rating Scale supervisor or evaluator simples checks the different blocks in the appraisal form to measure the performance. Though this a old technique to appraise the employees but broadly used method. Unlike scaling system, in Essay Evaluation Method asks the managers, supervisor and evaluators to write an essay or a descriptive narration about the strength and weakness of the employees and also the overall behaviour towards the job. This is a qualitative measure to appraise the employees. Another ranking system is Performance ranking Met hod in which evaluator or supervisor rank the performance of employee from best to worst. This method differs from other methods as it compares the employee to employee but not with the standards and benchmarks for performance measurement. In Critical Incident Method (CIT), evaluators appraise the performance depending upon the critical incident and the positives and negatives behaviours occur in the period of time to measure the performance (Dessler, 2000). Like other ranking and scaling methods in Weighted Checklist Method evaluator makes a checklist of all the job responsibilities and all the narrative statements about the effective and ineffective attitude or behaviour of job. As weighted method weights the narrative statements, in Paired Comparison Analysis, it weights the relative importance of the different options available and listed. Every option is compared with all the option listed (Mondy, 2008). After comparison of all option, the one with most weight is preferred opti on for the performance measurement. In the traditional methods qualitative methods and systems have more frequency of usage, here another method of Behavioural Observation Scale evaluates the performance with negatives and positives happens on workplace and also the critical incidence the employee has performed. In the tradition method there is a quantitative method called Forced Distribution or Forced Ranking, unlike other method it involves the percentages. In the top category it ranked from 10 to 20 percent, middle category ranges from 70 to 80 percent and it ranked employees with worst performance 10 percent in the bottom line (Mondy, 2008). 2.7.2. Modern Methods: There are different methods of performance measurement in the modern times, 360 Feedback System and Management By Objectives (MBO). 2.7.2.1. 360 degree feedback: 360 Feedback is a systematic technique which also known as the multi-rater feedback system. In this method evaluator or the appraiser takes feedback from all the people who are inter-linked with the person to be appraised. The 360 Feedback can be defined as: â€Å"The systematic collection and feedback of performance data on an individual or group derived from a number of the shareholders on their performance.† (Ward , 1997) This method of performance appraisal is detailed and comprehensive where evaluator asks from all sources about the performance of the employee. In this method all the sources are involved as: customers, suppliers/ vendors, team member and colleagues, superiors, juniors, subordinates and all the oth

Media Essay -- Papers

Media Essay The word quiz possibly originates from the Latin word "Qui es?" meaning "who are you?" it was also used to define a droll or eccentric person. Later it came to mean a practical joke, we therefore know the word "quiz" is of an uncertain origin. Wireless radio shows first became popular in 1934, it bro8ught with it a strange new programme called "The Symington's soups film star competition programme". This was the first quiz show broadcasted and proved to be very popular. Contestants would follow on screen instructions, write down answers and send them in to the show; winners received vouchers for powdered soup. The BBC's first quiz is believed to be on the "children's hour" programme in November 1937. Called regional round the position of authority was taken by uncle Mac. A correct answer from one lad was rewarded with the compliment 'that's absolutely wizard'. Very soon after this the first BBC quiz for adults was broadcast and was called "Trans-Atlantic quiz". In 1955 ITV formed a large number of quiz shows that became popular such as "take your pick" and "double your money". However in the 1970's and 80's limits on prize money were imposed by TV watchdogs and the maximum prize would be the equivalent of a small car every four shows. Therefore if more questions resulted in too many minis's being won, then the pre-recorded shows had to be screened out of sequence to space out the "big prizes. In the 1990's the birth of quiz shows with huge amounts of money such as "who wants to be a millionaire" and the "weakest link" became popular, some people criticise these are making the nation greedy by offering hu... ...erent occasions and for the first few times it is enjoyable to watch however after that it just becomes repetitive and boring. I feel that the possible million pound prize money is a very unique selling point as there are no other shows where u can win that much in one sitting. Yet I don't feel that the show would be as interesting without that much prize money. For how long the show has been on and the amount it could have given away it has only handed over one million pounds four times. Seven people have viewed the million pound question but decided not to risk it and have simply left with  £500,000. Overall throughout 344 shows and 15 series they have only given out 40 million pounds which isn't much considering over the years they might have had to pay out much more if everyone achieved the million pound mark?

Proposal “Violence Against Women”

Shantel Jones Professor Sara Yu Eng. 121-111 15 April 2013 â€Å"Violence Against Women† The research proposal I am preparing is going to be addressing violence against women and the challenges they face when children are involved in the household. The aim of the research is to view how these challenges are overcome and give way to women rights and their political rights (nineteenth amendment). In the early 1990’s over half a million American women were raped.In 1994 congress passed the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), which forbids the state from interfering with women’s citizenship and political rights. Starting from domestic abuse to rape as a weapon of war, violence against women is a gross violation of their human rights. Global issues of violence against women not only does it frighten women's health and their social and economic health, violence also hinders global efforts to reduce poverty. Violence against women falls in several different categories.Do mestic violence occurs between man and women. Domestic violence is one of the main issues in most parental abduction cases. The article also talks about custody battles and how visitation should go when it comes to the children. Domestic violence has been defined in various ways in the legal, social science, and psychology fields. Within the legal field alone, the term carries a different meaning depending on whether state or federal law governs and whether a case arises in the criminal or civil sphere.According to Deborah Goelman under the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), â€Å"domestic violence includes the following: [F]elony or misdemeanor crimes of violence committed by a current or former spouse of the victim, by a person with whom the victim shares a child in common, by a person who is cohabitating with or has cohabitated with the victim as a spouse, by a person similarly situated to a spouse of the victim under the domestic or family violence laws of the jurisdiction rece iving grant monies, or by any other adult person against a victim who is protected from that person's acts under the domestic or family violence laws of the jurisdiction receiving grant monies. † This topic is of interest to me because as a woman studying the laws on women’s right helps you to become more knowledgeable in society. If the world does not address the issue, it stands to suppress the enormous potential of women and girls. When they feel safe, when they are empowered, women and girls can be game-changers. What I hope to gain from this research project is different ways to deal with domestic violence if I was to ever come in contact with a violent individual.

Descartes Goes to Hollywood

Descartes Goes to Hollywood Samantha Holland’s article addresses the ‘cyborg’ element in modern contemporary films and the philosophy surrounding cyborgs. Holland’s article focuses on Rene Descartes’ philosophy when analyzing the use of ‘half human-half machine’ characters in films.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Descartes Goes to Hollywood specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Samantha Holland addresses various angles of the mind-body philosophy in this article including personal identity, dualism of beings, gender, and technology. Throughout the article, the use of cyborgs in films is used as a tool of analysis by the author. This paper provides a prà ©cis of Holland’s â€Å"Descartes Goes to Hollywood: Mind Body and Gender in Contemporary Cyborg Cinema†. The article begins by providing examples of how materialism and dualism are manifested in cyborg cinema. The movie â€Å"Robo cop† is used to show both the materialistic OCP and the dual existence of Robocop (Holland 158). Holland presents readers with an example of how the mind-body philosophy is the central theme in most cyborg films. According to the article, there are a lot of conflicting philosophies that are contained in most cyborg films. In most cases, the film will be seeking to perpetuate a certain viewpoint but it ends up bringing up a contradiction. The conflict of the body and the mind is also the main theme in most cyborg films according to Holland. The author cites â€Å"The Terminator† and â€Å"Robocop† as examples of films with their main characters suffering from mind-body conflict. The article addresses the gender element in cyborg cinema. According to the author, although cyborg creators insist on the authenticity of the cyborg’s body, they also enhance the cyborg’s gender-look. The article cites the muscled Terminator and the feminine Cherry as exampl es of the emphasized gender-look in cyborgs.Advertising Looking for book review on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The article points out that the reason for gender emphasis in cyborg cinema is to maintain the body-essence and exploit gender roles. In addition, the article faults the notion that cyborgs are meant to go beyond gender boundaries and that they do not emphasize the common gender stereotypes. The author points out how the titles of cyborg films such as â€Å"Robocop†, â€Å"Cherry†, and â€Å"Eve of Destruction† are gender specific (Holland 165). The article continues by covering the feminist myth in most cyborg films. According to the author, most producers only try to portray strong female characters but they do not succeed. The portrayal of Sarah Connor in â€Å"Terminator† is used as an example of how feminism is usually misused in cyborg cinema. It is argue d that feminism is portrayed in both narrative and visual levels in cyborg films. The masculine male body possessed by most cyborgs is an example of the visual portrayal of the ‘strong male-gender’. The article also addresses the issue of how cyborg cinema portrays reproduction. According to the author, the ability to reproduce without using the female element can be interpreted as chauvinistic. The role of the cyborg cinema in the modern world is also addressed. Holland believes that cyborg cinema not only addresses future events but also present events. In addition, they serve as a critique of the human views on mind-body relations. The article concludes by noting that the cyborg cinema represents only the more acceptable notions of the body-mind theories. In addition, most cyborg films highlight the dualism of human beings and other forms. However, no film has been able to portray Descartes’ body-mind philosophy on an advanced level. The author also notes that most cyborg technology focuses on the machine-human interface as opposed to the human-machine interface. Therefore, most cyborg films are a manifestation of the growing anxiety over the increasing use of technology.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Descartes Goes to Hollywood specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Holland, Samantha. Descartes Goes to Hollywood.† Cyberbodies/Cyberpunk: Cultures  of Technological Embodiment. Ed. Mike Featherstone and Roger Burrows. New York, NY: Sage, 1996. 157-174. Print.

Interventions for Special Education Students

Interventions for Special Education Students Teaching students with special needs comes with unique responsibilities and enormous rewards. Modifications- both to your physical classroom and to your teaching style- are often necessary to accommodate them. Modifications mean change while making accommodations means adapting to those things you cant change- existing circumstances. Interventions involve skill-building strategies that are designed to move special students to more advanced academic levels. Do you and your classroom have what it takes? Heres a checklist of strategies to help you develop a  classroom that should meet the needs of all your students. ___ Special needs students should be within close proximity to the teacher or the teachers assistant. ___ Implement procedures that are well understood by all your students to keep noise levels at an acceptable level. The Yacker Tracker is a worthwhile investment. ___ Create a special carrel or private location for taking tests, and/or revise existing seating to accommodate students who more acutely need to be free of distractions for ultimate success.   ___ Eliminate as much clutter as you can. This will also help keep distractions to a minimum. ___ Try to avoid presenting instructions or directions only verbally. Use graphic organizers, as well as written or graphical instructions. ___ Clarifications and reminders should be given as regularly as necessary. ___ Needy students should have agendas which you give them regularly and that you refer to yourself. ___ Communication between home and school should be in place for all students, but particularly for those students with special needs. Your relationship and interaction with a childs parents or guardian can be an invaluable tool and ensure consistency between the classroom and home. ___ Break down assignments and work into manageable chunks, particularly for students with attention span deficits. Provide frequent breaks. Make learning fun, not a draining challenge. A tired child is never at his most receptive to new information. ___ Your classroom expectations should be clearly outlined and understood, as well as consequences for inappropriate behaviors. Your approach for conveying this information will depend on the individual special needs of the children involved.   ___ Extra assistance should be available when needed, either from yourself or from a more accomplished peer. ___ Praise students when you catch  them doing things correctly, but dont overdo it. The praise should be a real reward, not something that happens over every small accomplishment but rather in response to a string of related accomplishments. ___ Use behavior contracts to target specific behaviors.   ___ Make  sure students are familiar with and understand your curing and prompting system that helps them stay on task. ___ Never begin instructions or directions until you have the undivided attention of your entire class. ___ Allow additional wait time for your special needs students. ___ Provide special needs students with regular, ongoing feedback and always promote their self-esteem. ___ Make sure all your learning experiences really do  promote learning. ___ Provide activities that are multi-sensory and that  take learning styles into consideration.   ___ Allow time to let your special needs students repeat instructions and directions. ___ Modify and/or shorten assignments to ensure success. ___ Have methods in place so students can have text written to them and so they can dictate their answers. ___ Provide opportunities for cooperative learning. Working together in groups often helps to clarify misconceptions for learning delayed students.

The shower scene is the key scene Essays

The shower scene is the key scene Essays The shower scene is the key scene Essay The shower scene is the key scene Essay Essay Topic: The Book Of the City Of Ladies Many film directors would agree that there is no such thing as a film capable of having an impact on the world. Whether this is true or not filmmakers still try to produce films that have an enormous impact. Very few succeed. One such film that did was Psycho. Psycho went into another dimension in terms of its content. No one had ever tried to make a film which covered the areas that Psycho covered. Alfred Hitchcock had to use his forty years of experience to put across his ideas but not make the film pornographic or too violent. It is impossible to recreate the experience for the audiences that first experienced Psycho when it first came out.This was one of the most famous and daring pieces of film to be made in that era. Nobody would ever have thought about making such a film because the censors would almost certainly ban it. The shower scene is the key scene because this is the scene in which the psycho strikes first. It is also the end of what at first seems to be the main charac ter, Marion Crane. Because this is the main scene and also the most controversial scene, Alfred Hitchcock filmed it over seven days for only two minutes forty seconds worth of film. There were about seventy different camera angles in the scene. Hitchcock had to consider the censors, which meant that he had to make sure that he kept the content of nudity and violence down to a minimum. This was because at the time the censors were very strict and would not allow the film if it contained too much explicit material. Hitchcock had used several scenes prior to the shower scene to build up the relationship between Marion and Norman Bates.When Marion first meets Norman you instantly feel that there is something that is going to happen in the scenes to follow. Marions attractiveness makes her an obsessive target for Norman. Marions last name of Crane refers to the graceful, long-limbed bird of the same name, which makes her seem innocent and vulnerable. From the outset of their meeting, she maintains the social control by her sexual effect on Norman. Even so she still gets drawn into his office, Marion has entered the world of Norman Bates, with no way out. From Normans fascination with bird taxidermy you feel that there is another side to Norman and that all is not what it seems. The taxidermy is simply there to distract Norman away from his other personality. Though Norman may seem suspicious Marion still begins talking to him about her troubles. Marion implies to him how she has problems and that that she has to return home to deal responsibly with a serious mistake. Norman sternly expressed, were all in our private traps that never budge an inch. He should know, with the imprint of his long dead mother on the bed covers, though hes the only one living in the house. This indicates that Norman is farther down the road of helplessness than Marion, probably so far in fact that he is at the point of no return.Even though Marion is in a difficult situation she still has chance to put things right whereas Norman doesnt. Once Marion and Norman have finished talking Marion goes to her room. She begins to get ready to have a shower. Norman remains in his office where he perversely removes a picture from the wall of his office and spies on her through a purposely-drilled hole into her room. He sees her going into the shower so he goes back to his house. This is the first time in the film in which we clearly see the other side to Normans personality. This is where we first see his mother.During the shower scene Alfred Hitchcock uses many filming and sound techniques to get the best sequence across to the audience, without making it too violent, so that the censors could not ban the film. Hitchcock used seventy-eight camera angles to achieve the best possible murder scene. He also used many different types of camera shots to add to the effect of the scene. He varied the lengths of the shots to give a more frantic feel to the scene, such as a close-up clo sely followed by a medium close up. This especially happens during the murder in the shower.When Marion walks into the bathroom she rips up her notes and flushes them down the toilet. This was another step into new territory for Hitchcock, as it was not felt decent to flush a toilet on film. It also symbolises that Marion is flushing her problems away. She then steps into the shower. For the first time in the scene the music has now stopped and all we can hear is the sound of the water from the shower.We then see a shot of the showerhead with water pouring out but somehow missing the camera. This shot took much thinking to overcome the fact that Alfred Hitchcock did not want the water to go onto the camera lens. To achieve this shoot the middle holes of the showerhead had to be blocked so that the camera would not get wet but the water would fall around the camera to get the impression that we are in the shower with Marion. This makes us feel that we are a much greater part of the s cene.We then see her washing herself in the water. This is symbolic of her washing her sins away. The camera then moves round so that we can see the curtain. This is a key shot as this enables us to see the psycho enter the room. At first we cannot see that the psycho has a knife because we only have a translucent view through the curtain. But as he moves closer we feel that Marion is in great danger.The psycho quickly pulls back the curtain. We then see a silhouette of the psycho with the knife raised. Even though the psycho is in silhouette we can just make out that it has an old ladies haircut. This immediately makes us feel that it wasnt Norman (the audience now feels confused as they have seen Norman spying on Marion but yet someone else has killed her). The scene is filmed so well that people actually believed that they saw the knife go into Marion when it really never touched her. Some clever editing and some knife shots followed by shots of skin then showing some blood achie ved this and the sharp, high pitched notes in the music which add to the effect of the knife penetrating deep into Marions flesh. Simple but very effective. The camera shots are filmed in such a way that we feel that we are actually in the shower with her when this is all happening. This makes us feel very helpless and the fact that we feel we are so close but are actually so far.After Marion has been stabbed several times she begins to fall to the ground. This is when the psycho leaves. We get a close up shot of Marions eye, and this is when it really hits us that she has been kills. Yet again you feel so helpless and that you almost feel guilty for not helping her. This was a great bit of directing by Hitchcock because it really involves the audience with the film and makes them feel responsible for the characters. We see it leave through the door and it appears to be a female or at least dressed like a female. Marion then she slides down the shower wall. She then falls, gripping and tearing off the shower curtain, her last protection.Throughout the shower scene the psychos identity is kept uncertain. This adds an uncertainty in the minds of the audience. At first you think that it is Norman, but even then he seems pleasant and gentlemanly. Perhaps he seems too nice? Then when you see that it is a woman who kills her you just cant be sure. It is very clever they way that you are not shown the face of the psycho. This is the key to not revealing his identity.Psycho was not only filmed incredibly well, but it had a fantastic storyline. No matter how good the directing or the acting is you need a good story line and script. Psycho had this. It had good characters, irony, humour, repetitions, imagery and a great piece of music.The characters that we see in Psycho are created firstly by a writer then interpreted by the cast and actors who play the roles. Although this may seem obvious, the way that the actors interpret the characters can make or break a film. The re are many different parts that an actor has to consider before his/her character is complete. Although there werent very many characters in Psycho they were all very different, with different thoughts and personalities. At many times during Psycho we feel sorry for the characters or want to help them or warn them of danger. This is due to the fact that we know more than the characters and feel as though we should warn them.Another aspect of a good film is the irony in it. Irony is created when the audience knows more about the events than the characters do. This means that they can anticipate what is going to happen. It can also occur when something has more significance the second time it is seen or heard because it seems to hint on what may happen in the film at a later stage. There were many different occasions where irony occurred in Psycho. One such instance was when the traffic cop told Marion that, there are plenty of motels in this areaI meanjust to be safe. Then that nigh t Marion books into the Bates Motel and ends up being murdered. That was just one of the many cases of irony that have been put into the script. You may not realise they are there first time but when you watch the film a second time you can see how much time has been put in by the script writers.Although Psycho doesnt have much humour in it, mainly due to the fact that it is a serious horror movie, there are still parts of the film that makes you smile. One instance is the part where Arbogast the detective is murdered and falls down the stairs. It seems funny now but it would of almost certainly not have been funny when the film first came out. It makes us laugh because of the way they try to make him look as though he is actually falling down the stairs. It may have looked realistic at the time but compared to the special effects and stunts that can be done in todays films it does not look realistic at all.Not only was the filming and acting good in Psycho but it also had a great s ound track. It really suited the film and added so much extra tension. It was written by Bernard Herman and really I think that he must take some of the credit of the success of the film. It was such a thrilling piece of music that caught the imaginations of many people. Every time Marion became worried or was in danger the music would begin. This was almost like a signal to tell us that something is going to happen. Not only was the music a signal to the audience but it also added tension to the scenes. The Psycho music will always be remembered almost as much as the film itself and will almost certainly be one of the most famous pieces of horror music ever composed.Alfred Hitchcock had to be very careful of what he filmed in Psycho because of the censors. At that period in time they were very strict on what they would allow in the public cinemas. This was a problem for Hitchcock and so he had to edit some of the scenes like the shower scene in particular in such a way that the cen sors would allow it. In the shower scene he had to make sure that he did not show the knife actually going into the body, yet he still wanted to give the impression that that was happening. He used a combination of frantic shot variation, high-pitched jerky music, shots of flesh and shots of blood to give the impression to the audience that they were actually seeing the knife going into Marions body. The first time Hitchcock submitted the film to the censors he knew it would be rejected as he had made it very violent. This was part of his plan. He knew that if he put an extra violent version of the film into the censors first the not so violent one would seem more acceptable. His plan worked and Psycho was allowed.Now that the film had been accepted Hitchcock just had to promote it. He knew that he needed as much publicity as possible to get the crowds in to watch his film. To do this he wanted to keep the story of the film a secret so that once people had watched it they would not tell others and spoil the experience for them. It would also make people curious to what was happening in the film and attract them to watch. To keep the secrecy of the film the actors had to swear an oath of secrecy on the first day of filming and Hitchcock refused and Paramount photographers onto the set to take publicity shots. Hitchcock made a series or misleading interviews to the press to confuse and to gain curiosity throughout the public. At one stage he told a reporter that he was actually filming a version of the Greek myth of Psyche, then told another, Its the story of a young man whose mother is a homicidal manic. This was another of Hitchcocks ploys to gain publicity for the film. At the end of the film there was a short film where Alfred Hitchcock would tell the audience not to reveal the ending to the film because its the only one weve got. He tried very hard to make the pubic feel as though they were a part of the publicity strategy.Many people think Psycho was the g reatest film ever. I dont. It may have been a great film for its time, with its terrific amounts of suspense, irony and horror, but with the amount of special effects, technology and money that goes into todays films, I feel that there are many films better than Psycho. When Psycho came out it was a scary film. But compared to todays horror films such as Scream. Even films that are not aimed at horror such as Blade contain more violence and blood than Psycho did. Its all down to the censors. With the censors being less strict the directors have more flexibility with what they can put into there films.Another point that helped Psycho become a successful film was the amount of hype and expectation that was brought about by Hitchcocks short trailers that he broadcasted before the film was released. This added to the expectations and anticipations about the film in the publics eye. Hitchcock used his great experience to give huge amounts of suspense to the film. This added to the horror of such events as the shower scene and the lead up to the Bates motel. Much time and effort was out in by Hitchcock and the cast to get the suspense, horror and irony into such scenes as the shower scene.There is such a huge amount of suspense in Hitchcocks films that he was given the title, the master of suspense. This gave many of his films an edge that many directors could not achieve. Even though I dont feel that Psycho was the best film ever, I do think that it will always be remembered as a classic horror film which is mainly due to Alfred Hitchcock, the mater of suspense.

The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx - Essay Example The latter group is identified as being a dangerous class, which may be swept into a proletarian revolution where the proletariats take over, while also dethroning the bourgeois class (Marx 1). Through the structure of his Communist Manifesto, Marx successfully shows how the history of nations is driven by their economic concerns, as well as how the struggle between the hard working proletariats and the rich bourgeois could eventually result in Communism. Following his examination of the bourgeois’ history and nature, Marx’s Communist Manifesto turns to discussing the development of the proletariat class. In this initial sub-section, it is argued how the bourgeois class developed alongside the proletariats, setting the stage for the eventual destruction of the bourgeois by the proletariats. It is noted how the proletariats only live as long as they can get work, as well as the fact they can only find work if the labor they offer works to increase capital for the bourgeois (Marx 1). In this case, the distinctions based on sex and age became less essential since the proletariats become labor instruments. In addition, as soon as the exploitative boss pays the proletariats, the bourgeois exploit them further (Marx 1). This initial description of the proletariat’s nature sets the stage for Marx to expound on his argument of a struggle between them and the bourgeois. This struggle is identified as involving groups of workers and individual laborers rebelling against the exploitative bourgeois, specifically in the hope that their medieval worker status would be revived. The proletariat is shown as having been initially geographically divided, disorganized, and competition with each other. In addition, even after they formed unions, the proletariats were still under the bourgeois’ influence, which meant that they continued to serve and further the bourgeois objectives (Marx 1). It is at this point of

Describe your personal, professonal, and academic experience that you Essay

Describe your personal, professonal, and academic experience that you desmontrate why would be a good indicate for business job - Essay Example That was when I made my life-changing decision to leave everything I knew behind me and set off for the city, where education could be had by anyone willing to put in the effort. Through moving, I have learned various ways in which my personal, professional and academic life can help me in a business setting. When I moved from my home, I didn’t know anyone and had no one to depend on but myself. I went to the hotel where I had reserved a room for a week and then went to the church. I’m not entirely sure why I did this, but I think I had some idea in my head that the church would help me find my way as it had always done back home. However, I discovered that city churches have far too many members to be concerned about one lonely young person walking in their midst. There was no one there ready and happy to take on what they saw as a ‘free-loading’ college student no matter how much I insisted that I intended to contribute. My next stop was the college, where I learned what I would need to do to gain entrance to the classes I would need. The lady in the financial aid office was very kind and gave me a sort of blueprint to follow regarding how to get started in my new life. She helped me find a home with a room to lease and showed me how to look for jobs. From th e business sense I had gained organizing the kids back home, I quickly learned how to earn money, pay my own way and fend for myself in the concrete jungle. Part of learning to fend for myself depended on another new skill I developed which was making friends or networking. Making friends in a new place wasn’t the same as making friends in a place where everyone knows everyone else. Like getting settled, I wasn’t really sure how to go about doing this in my new home. Where I came from, you usually waited for an introduction to someone new from someone you’ve known before you can start talking to strangers. I didn’t know

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Strategic Management - Essay Example Primark has been a retailing giant in the fashion industry that has over a few years been successful. Some of its strategies have over the years included effective marketing to specific targets across Europe. Primark’s target market is mostly the fashion sensitive age group which is basically people with the age below thirty five years of age. They also deal mostly with brand names that are minor, which translates to cheap quality fashionable trends. They have maintained their market by providing the same product of the same quality at a lower price than their competitor provide. This accompanied with the effective management of response and delivery mechanisms has ensured that Primark has maintained its competitive and reliability position in the European market. Their computerised warehouse controls and an effective efficient distribution networks has made sure that Primark stays top notch in customer satisfaction. With the current technological capability, social life has b een incorporated with the business aspect of running things. Companies have been compelled to adapt social media and the use of the internet to provide their services. Marketing and advertising have been forced to tap into the high usage of internet to make a large profit. With just under three billion people using the internet and over two billion people using smart phones, companies have resolved to a paradigm shifts. Some retail and distributing stores have moved from slightly depending on the internet to full dependence of the internet for all their services. Companies like Amazon and eBay who are also giant retailers have completely depended on online shoppers successfully for their sales. Primark has been reluctant to adapt to this marketing and sales strategies but has just kept the traditional walk in stores. This habit is however facing a challenge as more people change their shopping habit coupled with the various technological products that arise in the market. With Prima rk’s main target being people who are below thirty-five years of age, they are bound to adjust and shift into providing online shopping solutions for their clients. This is because it is estimated that the highest number of internet users are people who are below the age of thirty five years. This brings Primark head to head in confrontation and demand from its customers. With the global penetration of internet use, coupled with the increase in the use of mobile devices especially smart phones also creates the necessity to Primark of adoption an online shop. The demand in the usage of these solutions provides a huge market in the retail sector. Another factor that might make it inevitable for Primark to adopt the online retail shop is the use of social media marketing and internet marketing. Over one, half of Europe’s population has one or two active social media accounts. The usage of mobile phones and tablets has been very addictive and convenient at the same time. A large number of people rarely get the time to walk around, let alone spend time with their families. Online jobs and jobs that demand regular travelling or jobs which have squeezed time schedules create least chances for shopping to the affected people. This drives away all the interested clients that might have purchased the said products. Providing such clients with an alternative shopping model enables them to purchase the products online at any time. This not only stops the retailer from losing

Are female suicide bombers rational actors Research Paper

Are female suicide bombers rational actors - Research Paper Example The major advantage of suicide bombing attack is the accuracy and precision in conducting secret missions. Under normal circumstances, nobody would like to sacrifice their lives for any kind of missions; however the influence of fundamentalism and patriotism is getting increased day by day and because of that many people come forward to sacrifice their lives for safeguarding their traditions, culture and beliefs. Even though all types of suicide bomber attacks are difficult to resist, female suicide bombing attacks seem to be the most difficult type of attacks as far as preventive measures are concerned. Genetically and historically, it was believed that males were more aggressive in nature whereas females were more of peace loving nature. However, the above belief or theory seems to be less popular now because of the readiness of current females in taking part in risky missions and activities. As per some of the recent reports available from states like Iraq, Palestine, Sri Lanka etc, the number of female suicide bombers is increasing day by day. â€Å"While arguing about why women fight, many believe that these women are yet other victims in the hands of ruthless men while others emphasize the seriousness of a particular conflict in which even women are driven towards taking up arms, seen as a last resort in the eyes of many†. In short, there are different viewpoints about the reasons why females are increasingly participating in suicide bombing attacks.... Some people argue that suicide bombing attacks in general and female suicide bombing attacks in particular are motivated by irrational motives. However, many others believe that strong rational motives are behind every female suicide bombing attacks. This paper argues that female suicide bombers are rational actors and they engage in terrorist activities not because of the influence of any external agents alone, but because of their own instincts and judgements. Religious extremism is cited as the major reason for increasing female suicide attacks by many of the sociologists and politicians. It is because of the fact that most of the female suicide bombers are from Muslim community. In countries like Palestine, Iraq, Afghanistan, etc Muslim female suicide bombers are causing big problems and headaches to Israelis and Americans. Jihad or sacred war against nonbelievers is accepted as a tradition by many of the Muslim militant groups. At the same time it should be noted that jihad is m ostly taking place in countries under some kind of foreign occupation. The occupation of Israelis in Palestine and Americans in Iraq and Afghanistan can be cited as the best examples for the above belief. In other words, foreign occupation seems to be one of the major reasons for increased number of suicide attacks. Since women participation in modern social and political activities are increasing day by day, it is difficult for them to stay away from helping male community in their efforts to fight against all kind of foreign occupations. Female suicide bombers are thus utilized for pressurizing foreign occupiers to withdraw their troops from their land by the militant groups- in that respect; it is not an irrational activity,

Employee Training in Saudi Arabian SME Firms Essay

Employee Training in Saudi Arabian SME Firms - Essay Example This study is predicated on improved outcomes for employee training when executive or senior management show leadership through attendance at in-house training sessions. In Saudi Arabia, Bjerke and Al-Meer (1993) note that 'Arab employees' expectations, as seen by the managers, include "kind and human treatment", "care", "respect", "control", and "guidance"' (ibid. p.31). Further, Ali (2008) considers that this form of practical management is useful in motivating employees. Nevertheless, executive absence from other tasks may compromise the organisation's overall efficiency, although this stance is difficult to resolve, given the large number of variables involved and availability of hand-held communication devices. As this research examines the effectiveness of training programs with or without senior management participation, the objectives are therefore to consider subsequent employee attitudes and behaviours within these parameters. Further research could consider the cost of man agement attendance at in-house employee training courses against improved workplace environment. This research concerns employee training in selected small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in Saudi Arabia, defined as firms providing manufacturing-related services with annual sales revenue not greater than Saudi Arabian Riyal (SAR) 25 million and not exceeding 150 full-time employees.. Saudi Arabian SMEs comprise some 55 per cent of all national industry. A preliminary survey of the literature shows that researchers have not to date focussed on the needs of this group, in particular the capacity of this sector to absorb and retain significant numbers of school leavers and graduates coming into the Saudi job market. Therefore, more attention is needed to investigate management and employee training for this group. For the purposes of this research, management training comprises the transfer of skills to plan, organise and lead staff to attain organisational goals. Whilst organisational resources, systems and goals are in place, the purpose of the firm is to successfully direct its human resources towards sustainability and profit. Further, the firm must conform to Saudisation regulations which to some extent direct the employment, remuneration and working conditions of Saudis. It should be noted that there are significant numbers of guest workers in the Saudi labour force, and as their remuneration and conditions are not as controlled by the authorities, they represent a significant competitive challenge to Saudi in the workplace/ Whilst there is significant attention placed in this study toward the training of employees, only those aspects that relate to performance enhancement, and career-building are enclosed, and operational factors related to tasks and use of technology are omitted. 3. Contribution to Knowledge This study adds to the body

AT&T T-MOBILE MERGER Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

AT&T T-MOBILE MERGER - Research Paper Example The merger, which was announced in March 2011, aims at expanding the financial soundness of the companies by increasing total sales. This paper evaluates the issues that surround the merger of the two companies. In order to evaluate the implications of the merger between the two companies, the paper will analyze the perspectives of the AT&T Company as well as the views of the government and the competitors. Telecommunication Market The US telecommunication industry is growing at a faster rate due to the high demand of the speedy services and broadband. The industry has been oligopolized by the consolidation of the telecommunication companies especially in 1990s. In order to acquire market power, telecommunication companies in US have emulated merger and acquisition resulting to a competitive edge in the local and international markets. Major mergers include Bell Atlantic and GTE in 2000, Cingular and AT&T Wireless in 2004 as well Nextel and Sprint merger of 2005. One of the major asp ects that have resulted to the success of the telecommunication industry is that it is capital intensive. For example, in 2006-2009, more that $100 billion was invested in the industry by various companies. As a result, there has been a tremendous increase in the number of cell sites. Major players in the US telecommunication market include. ... Costs and benefits of the merger from AT&T perspective One of the benefits of the merger based on AT&T perspective is that it will create 5,000 new call centers in the US market. In this way, the company depicts that the level of household income will increase as a result of creation of more employment opportunities. In order to indicate that the merger will increase services and reduce prices within the US telecommunication market, the company provided an economic model to the Federal Communications Commission (James 2). AT&T Company aims at displacing Verizon Company in the market. According to the company top level management team, the merger will reduce the congestion experienced in its network. In addition, AT&T argues that the merger will result to the economies of scale. This will be achieved since the company is a large entity and its average cost will be reduced. Other aspects of economies of scale that will emerge include technical and financial economies (Carol 46). In thi s regard, the profitability of the company will be greatly enhanced since the costs of production will be allocated among many units. In order to ensure growth of the telecommunication market in US, the company management depicts that a significant portion of revenue that will be generated which is estimated to be more than $70 billion, will be allocated to innovation. The improvement of the telecommunication technologies will not only lead to effective communication within the US but also it will generate employment opportunities and foster US economic growth (Berkowitz 25). Additionally, the merger will enable the company to face off international competitors. This will ensure that consumers enjoy quality services with low costs. As a

Are female suicide bombers rational actors Research Paper

Are female suicide bombers rational actors - Research Paper Example The major advantage of suicide bombing attack is the accuracy and precision in conducting secret missions. Under normal circumstances, nobody would like to sacrifice their lives for any kind of missions; however the influence of fundamentalism and patriotism is getting increased day by day and because of that many people come forward to sacrifice their lives for safeguarding their traditions, culture and beliefs. Even though all types of suicide bomber attacks are difficult to resist, female suicide bombing attacks seem to be the most difficult type of attacks as far as preventive measures are concerned. Genetically and historically, it was believed that males were more aggressive in nature whereas females were more of peace loving nature. However, the above belief or theory seems to be less popular now because of the readiness of current females in taking part in risky missions and activities. As per some of the recent reports available from states like Iraq, Palestine, Sri Lanka etc, the number of female suicide bombers is increasing day by day. â€Å"While arguing about why women fight, many believe that these women are yet other victims in the hands of ruthless men while others emphasize the seriousness of a particular conflict in which even women are driven towards taking up arms, seen as a last resort in the eyes of many†. In short, there are different viewpoints about the reasons why females are increasingly participating in suicide bombing attacks.... Some people argue that suicide bombing attacks in general and female suicide bombing attacks in particular are motivated by irrational motives. However, many others believe that strong rational motives are behind every female suicide bombing attacks. This paper argues that female suicide bombers are rational actors and they engage in terrorist activities not because of the influence of any external agents alone, but because of their own instincts and judgements. Religious extremism is cited as the major reason for increasing female suicide attacks by many of the sociologists and politicians. It is because of the fact that most of the female suicide bombers are from Muslim community. In countries like Palestine, Iraq, Afghanistan, etc Muslim female suicide bombers are causing big problems and headaches to Israelis and Americans. Jihad or sacred war against nonbelievers is accepted as a tradition by many of the Muslim militant groups. At the same time it should be noted that jihad is m ostly taking place in countries under some kind of foreign occupation. The occupation of Israelis in Palestine and Americans in Iraq and Afghanistan can be cited as the best examples for the above belief. In other words, foreign occupation seems to be one of the major reasons for increased number of suicide attacks. Since women participation in modern social and political activities are increasing day by day, it is difficult for them to stay away from helping male community in their efforts to fight against all kind of foreign occupations. Female suicide bombers are thus utilized for pressurizing foreign occupiers to withdraw their troops from their land by the militant groups- in that respect; it is not an irrational activity,

AT&T T-MOBILE MERGER Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

AT&T T-MOBILE MERGER - Research Paper Example The merger, which was announced in March 2011, aims at expanding the financial soundness of the companies by increasing total sales. This paper evaluates the issues that surround the merger of the two companies. In order to evaluate the implications of the merger between the two companies, the paper will analyze the perspectives of the AT&T Company as well as the views of the government and the competitors. Telecommunication Market The US telecommunication industry is growing at a faster rate due to the high demand of the speedy services and broadband. The industry has been oligopolized by the consolidation of the telecommunication companies especially in 1990s. In order to acquire market power, telecommunication companies in US have emulated merger and acquisition resulting to a competitive edge in the local and international markets. Major mergers include Bell Atlantic and GTE in 2000, Cingular and AT&T Wireless in 2004 as well Nextel and Sprint merger of 2005. One of the major asp ects that have resulted to the success of the telecommunication industry is that it is capital intensive. For example, in 2006-2009, more that $100 billion was invested in the industry by various companies. As a result, there has been a tremendous increase in the number of cell sites. Major players in the US telecommunication market include. ... Costs and benefits of the merger from AT&T perspective One of the benefits of the merger based on AT&T perspective is that it will create 5,000 new call centers in the US market. In this way, the company depicts that the level of household income will increase as a result of creation of more employment opportunities. In order to indicate that the merger will increase services and reduce prices within the US telecommunication market, the company provided an economic model to the Federal Communications Commission (James 2). AT&T Company aims at displacing Verizon Company in the market. According to the company top level management team, the merger will reduce the congestion experienced in its network. In addition, AT&T argues that the merger will result to the economies of scale. This will be achieved since the company is a large entity and its average cost will be reduced. Other aspects of economies of scale that will emerge include technical and financial economies (Carol 46). In thi s regard, the profitability of the company will be greatly enhanced since the costs of production will be allocated among many units. In order to ensure growth of the telecommunication market in US, the company management depicts that a significant portion of revenue that will be generated which is estimated to be more than $70 billion, will be allocated to innovation. The improvement of the telecommunication technologies will not only lead to effective communication within the US but also it will generate employment opportunities and foster US economic growth (Berkowitz 25). Additionally, the merger will enable the company to face off international competitors. This will ensure that consumers enjoy quality services with low costs. As a

Honest Iago Essay Example for Free

Honest Iago Essay Iago is the most unique villain of Shakespeare There has been a lot of controversy about his motives and he has been considered as an incarnation of the devil. At the same time, Iago is one of the most brilliant Shakespearean characters although Shakespeare uses his cunningness only for diabolical purposes. He has can rightly be called an atheist of human nature and a stealthy corrupter of human piety, a fearless disturber of domestic peace and an unbeliever in and denier of anything spiritual. This is interesting to note that all characters in the play, except for Roderigo (to whom he sometimes shows his real face) have a high opinion of Iago and refer to him as â€Å"honest Iago†. He uses this high oestimation of him by these major characters to befool them. The Mutual relationship between Iago and Othello is of trust and reliance on the part of Othello but it is conniving and devious on the part of Iago. Iago has same relationship with Cassio. Cassio is also deceived by the seeming virtue of Iago and actually believes that ensign is a kind-hearted man. But at the same time is a rival to Iago in the royal court. Another facets of his relationship with Othello and Cassio is that he (Iago) lives the part of a blurt outspoken plain fellow who is always prepared to say what he really thinks without caring for the effect it may have on others. Othello is shown as a trustful and thorough in his trust for Iago. Although when Iago starts working on him, he suspects him and asks for evidence, yet from the beginning of the play, he seems to have put entire confidence in the honesty of Iago, who had not been his companions in arms. This confidence is misplaced but it is no sign of stupidity in Othello. He does not have a distinctive fear of him. We find this even before Iago has set a trap for him. Othello fears the monster â€Å"too hideous to be shown† that he discerns about Iago’s thoughts. This manifests a strange relationship based on paradoxical feelings. It is of confidence, trust and fear. But latter events show that Othello’s trust in Iago overpowers the instinctive fear. This happens due to Othello’s non-meditative nature. He does not contemplate over issues and does not weigh their motive and consequences. And this is the thing that helps Iago to get control over Othello. A. C. Bradley rightly says in this regard; The sources of danger in this character are revealed but too clearly by the story. In the first place, Othellos mind, for all its poetry, is very simple. He is not observant. His nature tends outward. He is quite free from introspection, and is not given to reflection. Emotion excites his imagination, but it confuses and dulls his intellect. On this side he is the very opposite of Hamlet, with whom, however, he shares a great openness and trustfulness of nature. In addition, he has little experience of the corrupt products of civilised life, and is ignorant of European women. (p. 217) Relationship between Iago and Cassio exists and develops on the same lines as that of Othello’s. Cassio has a high opinion of Iago and considers him an unmatched person in Florence but Iago’s opinion of him is prejudiced and biased. Iago dismisses Cassio as a mere theorist and not a practical warrior. In their mutual relationship Cassio’s genuine honesty is contrasted with Iago’s seeming honesty. We are never certain that we understand why Iago commits his evil deeds. Coleridge calls his evilness as â€Å"motiveless malignity† (315) there is no doubt that he is throughout an artist in villainy. There is no mystery in the psychology of Iago and the key to Iago’s motives may lie in the composition of his character. One of the noticeable traits in his character is keen sense of superiority and contempt for others. There also the annoyance of having always to play a part, the enjoyment of the action and the absence of fear. Iago’s sense of superiority has been thwarted and it needs satisfaction. The fullest satisfaction, it could find would, no doubt, be in the consciousness to take revenge from those who are so successful and popular. In addition to his strong desire to satisfy his sense of power, there are also certain other forces which drive him on. One of these is a pleasure in action very difficult and perilous. This action and pleasure lends him artistry in the art of being spiteful against other. All these characteristics if nature and his disposition play a part in making him a great villain of Shakespeare. These motives appear and disappear in the most extraordinary manner. Resentment as Cassio’s appointment is expressed in the first conversation with Roderigo, and from that moment is never once mentioned again in the whole play. Hatred of Othello is expressed in the first act only. Desire to get Cassio’s place scarcely appears after the first soliloquy, and when it is gratified Iago does not refer to it by a single word. The suspicion’s of Cassio’s intrigues with Emilia emerges suddenly as an afterthought. Iago’s love of Desdemona is alluded to in the second soliloquy; there is not the faintest trace of it in word or deed either before or after. The mention of jealousy of Othello is followed by declarations that Othello is infatuated about Desdemona and is of a constant nature, and during Othello’s suffering Iago never shows a sign of the idea that he is now paying his rival in his own coin. In the second soliloquy he declares that he quite believes Cassio t0o be in love with Desdemona; it is obvious that he believes no such thing, for he never alludes to the idea again, and within a few hours, he describes Cassio as an honest fool. All these motives have strange paradoxical characteristics in them but it could not have been coincidence that Shakespeare has attributed so many motives to Iago. All these motives manifest the intricate nature of Iago’s characters and disposition. In addition to a man of action, Iago also seems to be something of an artist who takes delight in undertaking a complicated task in a meticulous manner. The action he starts and works out is intricate. We get an impression that at some stage, the action Iago initiates remain no longer within his control and power but rather becomes his master. It is as he was fated to do what he does. Works Cited Bradley, A. C. Shakespearean Tragedy: Lectures on Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth. 2nd ed. London: Macmillan, 1905. Colderidge, Samuel Taylor. Lectures 1808-1819 On Literature. Ed. R. A. Foakes. Volume 2. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1987. Shakespeare, William. Othello. New York: Penguin Books. 1993.

The Islamic Concept Of Charity Religion Essay

The Islamic Concept Of Charity Religion Essay Charity in Islam has been a central focus of the society. It has different forms (zakat and sadqah) which differ from each other. The charity in Islam gives an impression of the purification and worship of God. It is also perceived as good deed and benevolence in the Islamic theology. Islamic charity gives a notion of the welfare of the humanity. The crux of the charity is to form a moral economy which regulates the behaviour of Muslims. The moral economy is based on the fairness, sense of responsibility and purity in worship and welfare of the people. 1. Introduction The contemporary debate of the charity has been long in the literature (Melvin 2009, Ferrari and Khan 2010, Shirazi 1996, Scott 1987 and Waldron 1986). Specifically, the religious zeal and zest revolves around the notion of charity (Iwobi 2009). Islamic concept of charity is not exception for that debate (Scott 1987). It emphasizes on the moral values and the contribution to the neglected segment o f the society. However, Islamic concept of charity has never been debated in the light of the notion of moral economy. This paper is intended to give a comparative view about the different notions of the Islamic charity (zakat and sadqah). The concept of charity, in general, is not new because every religion of the world preached that charity. However, the focus of this paper is to highlight the forms of charity in Islam, their differences and their impact on the multiculturalism and the formation of the moral economy. The definition of charity in Islamic tradition differs somewhat from its interpretation in different contexts. However, its aim and goals remain the same. The Quran states: And be steadfast in your prayer and pay charity; whatever good you send forth for your future, you shall find it with Allah, for Allah is well aware of what you do . Similarly, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said: No wealth (of a servant of Allah) is decreased because of charity. Charity is the fifth pillar of Islam and its reward will be given in the after world. The Quran declare the five basic concept of the zakat. These concepts included: infaq (spending benevolently), Ihsan (kindness), zakah (purification), sadqah (charitable deed) and Khayrat (good deeds). However, Islam does not force anyone to give charity. It is obligatory in the form of zakat and voluntary in the shape of sadqah (charity). 2. Basic concepts of charity in Islam Islamic charity has two basic concepts: zakat and sadaqah. 2.1 Zakat (alms giving) The zakat extracted from the word zaka to be pure that denotes purification. Quran highlights to the purification of wealth and states: Of their wealth take alms to purify and sanctify them. Zakat is an obligation on a Muslim. It is moral duty of a Muslim to pay Zakat at the rate of 2.5% per year. A Muslim cannot deny the ZakatI. Quran lists recipients of Zakat which includes: Zakat is for the poor and the needy and those who are employed to administer and collect it, and for those whose hearts are to be won over, and for the freeing of human beings from bondage, and for those who are overburdened with debts and for every struggle in Gods cause, and for the wayfarers: this is a duty ordained by God, and God is the All-Knowing, the Wise. (Al-Quran 9:60). 2.2 Sadaqah (Charity) The word Sadaqah is derived from the Arabic root verb sadaqah which means to be truthful and hence Sadaqah implies engaging in any righteous act in order to earn the mardat (pleasure) of Allah. The sadaqah has certain principals which a Muslim must follow. One, Sadaqah is given on the name of God. Second, the money or the donation should be from the legal sources. Islamic discourages the illegitimate (stolen or unethically gained) money or resources. Third, surplus money (beyond the need of a person) is the money of God and Muslims are custodian of it. They should spend and return the money to the needy, poor and spend on the ways of God. Quran outlines the charity: Those who (in charity) spend of their goods by night and by day, in secret and in public, have their reward with their Lord: on them shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve. (Al-Baqarah 2:274). It further highlights: And spend something (in charity) out of the substance which We have bestowed on you, before Death should come to any of you and he should say, O my Lord! Why didst Thou not give me respite for a little while? I should then have given (largely) in charity, and I should have been one of the doers of good. But to no soul will Allah grant respite when the time appointed (for it) has come; and Allah is well acquainted with (all) that ye do. (Al-Munafiqun 63: 10-11). Further Quran states: And they feed, for the love of Allah, the indigent, the orphan, and the captive. We feed you for the sake of Allah alone: no reward do we desire from you, nor thanks. (Al Insà ¢n 76:8-9). In another statement, the Quran states: For those who give in Charity, men and women, and loan to Allah a Beautiful Loan, it shall be increased manifold (to their credit), and they shall have (besides) a liberal reward. (Al Hadà ®d 57:18). Sadaqah is important for a number of purses. It reduces the sins and increases the virtue of a Muslim. It also compensate for shortcoming in any past payment of Zakah. For instance, if a person forgets to pay zakat in the past or was guilty to pay the zakat, the sadaqah reduces the burden of the past. Sadqah, give a sense of protection not only the giver but also to the receiver of falling victim of calamities. God pleasure is received through the sadqah. It gives pleasure to the giver of the charity to the others. A person feels his obligation to the betterment of the humanity. 3. Difference between Zakat and Sadaqah Zakat and Sadaqah are two different kinds of charities in Islamic ideology. Zakat is the obligatory annual almsgiving which is determined on the basis of the value of ones wealth. It is 2.5% as per Islamic traditions. Accroding to some of the Islamic jurists, zakat must be collected from the Muslims. It is mandatory and has strict zeal to pay the zakat. Zakat is the responsibility of the person who owns wealth. It cannot be transferred to the second person. It is liable on the individual. However, the sadaqah is charity that is given beside the Zakat contribution over the surplus wealth. It is volunteer act and without any percentage. Sadqah is not specified as only monetary terms (feeding the poor and the needy), but also given support to the orphans, widows in the form of advising or counseling. It also includes the volunteer activities for the befit of the community at larger: teaching to the poor, giving sense of good faith and advising them to excel on the right path, the path of God. Some of the Islamic jusrits beleieved that to form charity organization, construct educational institutions (mosque, school, college, universities) and construction of well (to supply water to the common man) are the different forms of sadaqah. It can be given on the name of any relative (parents or children). 4. Comparative view of charity: Development of moral economy Islamic notion of charity (in its different forms) generates a moral economy. This is the economy which is based on the good faith and welfare of the humanity. In line with Bollig (1998) and Thompsons (1971, 1993) notion of moral economy. Islamic charity gives the following notion of charity. 4.1 Islamic charity: Moral injection Benthall (1999) highlights the Quranic injection to charity. Accroding to Benthall the Islamic system of almsgiving (zakat) is more organized than other societies. For him, the ZakatI is closely associated with the prayers and the worship of God, therefore, the Muslim are morally obliged to pay the Zakat to the poor, to the needy as per Islamic conception. He argued that Zakat can be distributed in poor, needy, orphans, widows, divorcees, prisoners and their families, unemployed and homeless people, students, those who dont afford to marry, disaster victims, and those in need of free medicine or dignified funerals (Benthall 1999:31). 4.2 Zakat: Powerful instrument to poverty eradication Zakat which literally means growth, extension and purification is a premium on all forms of accumulated productive wealth and on a variety of agriculture produce. It is calculated at various rate according to the nature of the asset or product, and is due to the needy of the Muslim community. It is one of the basic tenets of Islam and besides being an obligatory act of worship, it is a system through which a Muslim society can eradicate poverty and inequalities (Mohammad 1991:1119). Islamic Zakat system in Pakistan is the source to eradicate poverty in the country (Ibid). Zakat system is well organized system for the development of country but it can be more organized for poverty eradication and for the maintenance of society (Mohammad 1991). 5.3 Charity: Road towards the social justice According to Bremer (2004:1) the development of any society local resources are necessary. Historically, Islamic societies developed a range of charitable institutions to fulfill these mandates include zakat boards, auwkaf, and diverse local structures reflecting the richness of Islamic culture from Dakar to Davao (Ibid). For her, A strong civil society is now widely recognized as an important pillar supporting democratic society (Bremer 2004:2). With the help and struggle of civil society it is possible that a democratic society can be established. Only the help of foreign donor and government is not enough for development. If government or foreign donors will help the society the civil society will lose their interest for the development. For her, in recent years USAID has funded the creation of an NGO service center that provides technical assistance and training to civil society organizations, and has granted financial support directly to NGOs ranging from business associations to community development groups (Bremer 2004:3). Government, foreign donor and for free services do not provide an adequate base for a vibrant civil society. This aid is for short term. This aid is not compatible with the long term independence (Bremer 2004). 4.4 Charity: Funding for free education According to Blanchard (2007) religious school work as a charity organization in Muslim countries. They are source of providing education to the vulnerable groups. Madrasas offer a free education, room, and board to their students, and thus they appeal to impoverished families and individuals. On the whole these religious schools are supported by private donations from Muslim believers through a process of alms-giving known in Arabic as zakat. The practice of zakatone of the five pillars of the Islamic faithprescribed that a fixed proportion of ones income be given to specified charitable causes, and traditionally a portion of zakat has endowed religious education (2007:4). Blanchard (2007) provides information that in Pakistan Madrasas are being observed by the government regarding their finance sources after 9/11 attack in the United States. All foreign students in madrasas were required to expel from madrasa if they did not obtain permission to remain in Pakistan from their home governments in 2005. Madrasas are registered in Pakistan and their financial assistance is observed by the government since August 2006. (Blanchard 2007:5). Zakat and usher contributed to the income of the people of 2.7% in a household of Pakistan (Shirazi 1996). The survey was conducted in 1990/91 of the household Integrated Economic Survey and findings revealed that the Zakat and usher were the significant to contribute the lives of the people. According to the survey, 39000 zakat committees were working with 250 thousand volunteers (Shirazi 1996:166). The zakat contribution on 1981/1982 from 845.85 million Pakistani rupees to 4655.9 million in 1993/94 (Shirazi 1996:170). The money were spend to Substance allowance (708.622 million), rehabilitation (245.669 million) Pakistani rupees and 1738234 people benefited from the zakat contribution (Shirazi 1996:185). However, the latest figures on the issue are not available. 5. Why Muslim countries depend upon the foreign aid? There is wide spread opportunity to get resources in order to feed the marginalized segment of the society, as per the notion of Islamic charity, then why the Muslim countries are dependent upon foreign aid? In fact, there are two major reasons of the dependency of the Muslim societies on the foreign aid. 5.1 Collapse of the charity institution: Change to moral values Muslim countries depend upon the foreign aid because they were unable to maintain their institutions. Such institutions were collapsed during the colonization or soon after. In the eyes of the colonial masters, the Muslim charity institutions were the symbol of Muslim legacy and a risen of the rise of the Muslim powers, therefore, it was necessary to abolish them. They developed the institution of welfare instead the zakat institution (Bremer 2004). However, this welfare institution developed by the colonial powers was perceived as not ones own. It was considered as a symbol to get money, but without any legacy (Bremer 2004). It was just perceived as the symbol of the colony. People wanted to get benefited from the social welfare but not were ready to pay back. Therefore, it was not much institutionalized as the Zakat was spread during the Muslim era in the Middle East and in the Muslim countries. 5.2 Collapse of morality: Change to develop a new morality based on materialism Islam appreciates the giving hands (charity giver) and discourages the charity recipients. According to Islam, giving hand is better than receiving hand. However, current scenario does not reflect the basic ideology of the charity of Islam. Despite of the fact that zakat remain as an institution among the Muslim societies at individual level. However, it was not developed up to the level after the colonial era. It was perceived that state is in the hands of someone else and there was not any institutionalized method of the zakat collection and distribution. This collapsed the real notion of the moral economy among the Muslim societies. In Islamic morality, there are two sets of rights and obligation of a Muslim: the rights to worship God and the right to serve the humanity. In Islamic theology, the right of God may be put aside by the God, if He wants. However, the right to serve humanity cannot be neglected until unless the fellow human beings do not forgive it. It is exclusive the people who have to forgive their rights to the fellow Muslims. So the Islamic moral values exclusive emphasize on this value. However, the collapse of the Islamic morality is dominated. It does contradict on the basic philosophy of the Islam that spends everything to the humanity which is surplus for a person. However, the materialism and greed for wealth is dominant in the current culture of the Muslim societies. It is depicted in the life style and in the emerging value system. Consequently, it is affecting the basic notion of the Islamic charity. 7. Conclusion Islamic concept of charity is much associated with the Muslim societies or Muslim association. It forms a moral economy and moral value system (give charity and worship to God) which strengthen the notion of close social networking of the Muslims. However, it does not neglect the humanity at large. It gives a due share to provide the help to the people of the world. The charity is given to the needy, poor, scholars, charity organizations and welfare of the world society at large. However, criticism to retain the Muslim charity among Muslim is not exclusive from the debate of the charity. Dominant point of view is in favour of the humanity rather than the welfare of the any specific community. Islamic charity begins from the Individual level. It creates the space for the state. However, it does not exclusive involve the state to regulate the charity. The charity in Islam is equally important to the worship of God. Islam emphasize the worship of God (right to obey God) and the service for the humanity (the rights of the people). It is the right of the people.